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# TODO: # * Documentation -- this will need a new section of the User's Guide. # Both for Animations and just timers. # - Also need to update http://www.scipy.org/Cookbook/Matplotlib/Animations # * Blit # * Currently broken with Qt4 for widgets that don't start on screen # * Still a few edge cases that aren't working correctly # * Can this integrate better with existing matplotlib animation artist flag? # - If animated removes from default draw(), perhaps we could use this to # simplify initial draw. # * Example # * Frameless animation - pure procedural with no loop # * Need example that uses something like inotify or subprocess # * Complex syncing examples # * Movies # * Can blit be enabled for movies? # * Need to consider event sources to allow clicking through multiple figures import abc import base64 import contextlib from io import BytesIO, TextIOWrapper import itertools import logging from pathlib import Path import shutil import subprocess import sys from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory import uuid import numpy as np import matplotlib as mpl from matplotlib._animation_data import ( DISPLAY_TEMPLATE, INCLUDED_FRAMES, JS_INCLUDE, STYLE_INCLUDE) from matplotlib import cbook _log = logging.getLogger(__name__) # Process creation flag for subprocess to prevent it raising a terminal # window. See for example: # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24130623/using-python-subprocess-popen-cant-prevent-exe-stopped-working-prompt if sys.platform == 'win32': subprocess_creation_flags = CREATE_NO_WINDOW = 0x08000000 else: # Apparently None won't work here subprocess_creation_flags = 0 # Other potential writing methods: # * http://pymedia.org/ # * libming (produces swf) python wrappers: https://github.com/libming/libming # * Wrap x264 API: # (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2940671/ # how-to-encode-series-of-images-into-h264-using-x264-api-c-c ) def adjusted_figsize(w, h, dpi, n): """ Compute figure size so that pixels are a multiple of n. Parameters ---------- w, h : float Size in inches. dpi : float The dpi. n : int The target multiple. Returns ------- wnew, hnew : float The new figure size in inches. """ # this maybe simplified if / when we adopt consistent rounding for # pixel size across the whole library def correct_roundoff(x, dpi, n): if int(x*dpi) % n != 0: if int(np.nextafter(x, np.inf)*dpi) % n == 0: x = np.nextafter(x, np.inf) elif int(np.nextafter(x, -np.inf)*dpi) % n == 0: x = np.nextafter(x, -np.inf) return x wnew = int(w * dpi / n) * n / dpi hnew = int(h * dpi / n) * n / dpi return correct_roundoff(wnew, dpi, n), correct_roundoff(hnew, dpi, n) class MovieWriterRegistry: """Registry of available writer classes by human readable name.""" def __init__(self): self._registered = dict() @cbook.deprecated("3.2") def set_dirty(self): """Sets a flag to re-setup the writers.""" def register(self, name): """ Decorator for registering a class under a name. Example use:: @registry.register(name) class Foo: pass """ def wrapper(writer_cls): self._registered[name] = writer_cls return writer_cls return wrapper @cbook.deprecated("3.2") def ensure_not_dirty(self): """If dirty, reasks the writers if they are available""" @cbook.deprecated("3.2") def reset_available_writers(self): """Reset the available state of all registered writers""" @cbook.deprecated("3.2") @property def avail(self): return {name: self._registered[name] for name in self.list()} def is_available(self, name): """ Check if given writer is available by name. Parameters ---------- name : str Returns ------- bool """ try: cls = self._registered[name] except KeyError: return False return cls.isAvailable() def __iter__(self): """Iterate over names of available writer class.""" for name in self._registered: if self.is_available(name): yield name def list(self): """Get a list of available MovieWriters.""" return [*self] def __getitem__(self, name): """Get an available writer class from its name.""" if self.is_available(name): return self._registered[name] raise RuntimeError(f"Requested MovieWriter ({name}) not available") writers = MovieWriterRegistry() class AbstractMovieWriter(abc.ABC): """ Abstract base class for writing movies. Fundamentally, what a MovieWriter does is provide is a way to grab frames by calling grab_frame(). setup() is called to start the process and finish() is called afterwards. This class is set up to provide for writing movie frame data to a pipe. saving() is provided as a context manager to facilitate this process as:: with moviewriter.saving(fig, outfile='myfile.mp4', dpi=100): # Iterate over frames moviewriter.grab_frame(**savefig_kwargs) The use of the context manager ensures that setup() and finish() are performed as necessary. An instance of a concrete subclass of this class can be given as the ``writer`` argument of `Animation.save()`. """ def __init__(self, fps=5, metadata=None, codec=None, bitrate=None): self.fps = fps self.metadata = metadata if metadata is not None else {} self.codec = ( mpl.rcParams['animation.codec'] if codec is None else codec) self.bitrate = ( mpl.rcParams['animation.bitrate'] if bitrate is None else bitrate) @abc.abstractmethod def setup(self, fig, outfile, dpi=None): """ Setup for writing the movie file. Parameters ---------- fig : `~matplotlib.figure.Figure` The figure object that contains the information for frames. outfile : str The filename of the resulting movie file. dpi : float, default: ``fig.dpi`` The DPI (or resolution) for the file. This controls the size in pixels of the resulting movie file. """ self.outfile = outfile self.fig = fig if dpi is None: dpi = self.fig.dpi self.dpi = dpi @property def frame_size(self): """A tuple ``(width, height)`` in pixels of a movie frame.""" w, h = self.fig.get_size_inches() return int(w * self.dpi), int(h * self.dpi) @abc.abstractmethod def grab_frame(self, **savefig_kwargs): """ Grab the image information from the figure and save as a movie frame. All keyword arguments in *savefig_kwargs* are passed on to the `~.Figure.savefig` call that saves the figure. """ @abc.abstractmethod def finish(self): """Finish any processing for writing the movie.""" @contextlib.contextmanager def saving(self, fig, outfile, dpi, *args, **kwargs): """ Context manager to facilitate writing the movie file. ``*args, **kw`` are any parameters that should be passed to `setup`. """ # This particular sequence is what contextlib.contextmanager wants self.setup(fig, outfile, dpi, *args, **kwargs) try: yield self finally: self.finish() class MovieWriter(AbstractMovieWriter): """ Base class for writing movies. This is a base class for MovieWriter subclasses that write a movie frame data to a pipe. You cannot instantiate this class directly. See examples for how to use its subclasses. Attributes ---------- frame_format : str The format used in writing frame data, defaults to 'rgba'. fig : `~matplotlib.figure.Figure` The figure to capture data from. This must be provided by the sub-classes. """ # Builtin writer subclasses additionally define the _exec_key and _args_key # attributes, which indicate the rcParams entries where the path to the # executable and additional command-line arguments to the executable are # stored. Third-party writers cannot meaningfully set these as they cannot # extend rcParams with new keys. exec_key = cbook._deprecate_privatize_attribute("3.3") args_key = cbook._deprecate_privatize_attribute("3.3") def __init__(self, fps=5, codec=None, bitrate=None, extra_args=None, metadata=None): """ Parameters ---------- fps : int, default: 5 Movie frame rate (per second). codec : str or None, default: :rc:`animation.codec` The codec to use. bitrate : int, default: :rc:`animation.bitrate` The bitrate of the movie, in kilobits per second. Higher values means higher quality movies, but increase the file size. A value of -1 lets the underlying movie encoder select the bitrate. extra_args : list of str or None, optional Extra command-line arguments passed to the underlying movie encoder. The default, None, means to use :rc:`animation.[name-of-encoder]_args` for the builtin writers. metadata : Dict[str, str], default: {} A dictionary of keys and values for metadata to include in the output file. Some keys that may be of use include: title, artist, genre, subject, copyright, srcform, comment. """ if type(self) is MovieWriter: # TODO MovieWriter is still an abstract class and needs to be # extended with a mixin. This should be clearer in naming # and description. For now, just give a reasonable error # message to users. raise TypeError( 'MovieWriter cannot be instantiated directly. Please use one ' 'of its subclasses.') super().__init__(fps=fps, metadata=metadata, codec=codec, bitrate=bitrate) self.frame_format = 'rgba' self.extra_args = extra_args def _adjust_frame_size(self): if self.codec == 'h264': wo, ho = self.fig.get_size_inches() w, h = adjusted_figsize(wo, ho, self.dpi, 2) if (wo, ho) != (w, h): self.fig.set_size_inches(w, h, forward=True) _log.info('figure size in inches has been adjusted ' 'from %s x %s to %s x %s', wo, ho, w, h) else: w, h = self.fig.get_size_inches() _log.debug('frame size in pixels is %s x %s', *self.frame_size) return w, h def setup(self, fig, outfile, dpi=None): # docstring inherited super().setup(fig, outfile, dpi=dpi) self._w, self._h = self._adjust_frame_size() # Run here so that grab_frame() can write the data to a pipe. This # eliminates the need for temp files. self._run() def _run(self): # Uses subprocess to call the program for assembling frames into a # movie file. *args* returns the sequence of command line arguments # from a few configuration options. command = self._args() _log.info('MovieWriter._run: running command: %s', cbook._pformat_subprocess(command)) PIPE = subprocess.PIPE self._proc = subprocess.Popen( command, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, creationflags=subprocess_creation_flags) def finish(self): """Finish any processing for writing the movie.""" self.cleanup() def grab_frame(self, **savefig_kwargs): # docstring inherited _log.debug('MovieWriter.grab_frame: Grabbing frame.') # Readjust the figure size in case it has been changed by the user. # All frames must have the same size to save the movie correctly. self.fig.set_size_inches(self._w, self._h) # Save the figure data to the sink, using the frame format and dpi. self.fig.savefig(self._frame_sink(), format=self.frame_format, dpi=self.dpi, **savefig_kwargs) def _frame_sink(self): """Return the place to which frames should be written.""" return self._proc.stdin def _args(self): """Assemble list of encoder-specific command-line arguments.""" return NotImplementedError("args needs to be implemented by subclass.") def cleanup(self): """Clean-up and collect the process used to write the movie file.""" out, err = self._proc.communicate() self._frame_sink().close() # Use the encoding/errors that universal_newlines would use. out = TextIOWrapper(BytesIO(out)).read() err = TextIOWrapper(BytesIO(err)).read() if out: _log.log( logging.WARNING if self._proc.returncode else logging.DEBUG, "MovieWriter stdout:\n%s", out) if err: _log.log( logging.WARNING if self._proc.returncode else logging.DEBUG, "MovieWriter stderr:\n%s", err) if self._proc.returncode: raise subprocess.CalledProcessError( self._proc.returncode, self._proc.args, out, err) @classmethod def bin_path(cls): """ Return the binary path to the commandline tool used by a specific subclass. This is a class method so that the tool can be looked for before making a particular MovieWriter subclass available. """ return str(mpl.rcParams[cls._exec_key]) @classmethod def isAvailable(cls): """Return whether a MovieWriter subclass is actually available.""" return shutil.which(cls.bin_path()) is not None class FileMovieWriter(MovieWriter): """ `MovieWriter` for writing to individual files and stitching at the end. This must be sub-classed to be useful. """ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): MovieWriter.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs) self.frame_format = mpl.rcParams['animation.frame_format'] @cbook._delete_parameter("3.3", "clear_temp") def setup(self, fig, outfile, dpi=None, frame_prefix=None, clear_temp=True): """ Setup for writing the movie file. Parameters ---------- fig : `~matplotlib.figure.Figure` The figure to grab the rendered frames from. outfile : str The filename of the resulting movie file. dpi : float, optional The dpi of the output file. This, with the figure size, controls the size in pixels of the resulting movie file. Default is ``fig.dpi``. frame_prefix : str, optional The filename prefix to use for temporary files. If None (the default), files are written to a temporary directory which is deleted by `cleanup` (regardless of the value of *clear_temp*). clear_temp : bool, optional If the temporary files should be deleted after stitching the final result. Setting this to ``False`` can be useful for debugging. Defaults to ``True``. """ self.fig = fig self.outfile = outfile if dpi is None: dpi = self.fig.dpi self.dpi = dpi self._adjust_frame_size() if frame_prefix is None: self._tmpdir = TemporaryDirectory() self.temp_prefix = str(Path(self._tmpdir.name, 'tmp')) else: self._tmpdir = None self.temp_prefix = frame_prefix self._clear_temp = clear_temp self._frame_counter = 0 # used for generating sequential file names self._temp_paths = list() self.fname_format_str = '%s%%07d.%s' @cbook.deprecated("3.3") @property def clear_temp(self): return self._clear_temp @clear_temp.setter def clear_temp(self, value): self._clear_temp = value @property def frame_format(self): """ Format (png, jpeg, etc.) to use for saving the frames, which can be decided by the individual subclasses. """ return self._frame_format @frame_format.setter def frame_format(self, frame_format): if frame_format in self.supported_formats: self._frame_format = frame_format else: self._frame_format = self.supported_formats[0] def _base_temp_name(self): # Generates a template name (without number) given the frame format # for extension and the prefix. return self.fname_format_str % (self.temp_prefix, self.frame_format) def _frame_sink(self): # Creates a filename for saving using the basename and the current # counter. path = Path(self._base_temp_name() % self._frame_counter) # Save the filename so we can delete it later if necessary self._temp_paths.append(path) _log.debug('FileMovieWriter.frame_sink: saving frame %d to path=%s', self._frame_counter, path) self._frame_counter += 1 # Ensures each created name is 'unique' # This file returned here will be closed once it's used by savefig() # because it will no longer be referenced and will be gc-ed. return open(path, 'wb') def grab_frame(self, **savefig_kwargs): # docstring inherited # Overloaded to explicitly close temp file. _log.debug('MovieWriter.grab_frame: Grabbing frame.') # Tell the figure to save its data to the sink, using the # frame format and dpi. with self._frame_sink() as myframesink: self.fig.savefig(myframesink, format=self.frame_format, dpi=self.dpi, **savefig_kwargs) def finish(self): # Call run here now that all frame grabbing is done. All temp files # are available to be assembled. self._run() MovieWriter.finish(self) # Will call clean-up def cleanup(self): MovieWriter.cleanup(self) if self._tmpdir: _log.debug('MovieWriter: clearing temporary path=%s', self._tmpdir) self._tmpdir.cleanup() else: if self._clear_temp: _log.debug('MovieWriter: clearing temporary paths=%s', self._temp_paths) for path in self._temp_paths: path.unlink() @writers.register('pillow') class PillowWriter(AbstractMovieWriter): @classmethod def isAvailable(cls): return True def setup(self, fig, outfile, dpi=None): super().setup(fig, outfile, dpi=dpi) self._frames = [] def grab_frame(self, **savefig_kwargs): from PIL import Image buf = BytesIO() self.fig.savefig( buf, **{**savefig_kwargs, "format": "rgba", "dpi": self.dpi}) renderer = self.fig.canvas.get_renderer() self._frames.append(Image.frombuffer( "RGBA", self.frame_size, buf.getbuffer(), "raw", "RGBA", 0, 1)) def finish(self): self._frames[0].save( self.outfile, save_all=True, append_images=self._frames[1:], duration=int(1000 / self.fps), loop=0) # Base class of ffmpeg information. Has the config keys and the common set # of arguments that controls the *output* side of things. class FFMpegBase: """ Mixin class for FFMpeg output. To be useful this must be multiply-inherited from with a `MovieWriterBase` sub-class. """ _exec_key = 'animation.ffmpeg_path' _args_key = 'animation.ffmpeg_args' @property def output_args(self): args = [] if Path(self.outfile).suffix == '.gif': self.codec = 'gif' else: args.extend(['-vcodec', self.codec]) extra_args = (self.extra_args if self.extra_args is not None else mpl.rcParams[self._args_key]) # For h264, the default format is yuv444p, which is not compatible # with quicktime (and others). Specifying yuv420p fixes playback on # iOS, as well as HTML5 video in firefox and safari (on both Win and # OSX). Also fixes internet explorer. This is as of 2015/10/29. if self.codec == 'h264' and '-pix_fmt' not in extra_args: args.extend(['-pix_fmt', 'yuv420p']) # For GIF, we're telling FFMPEG to split the video stream, to generate # a palette, and then use it for encoding. elif self.codec == 'gif' and '-filter_complex' not in extra_args: args.extend(['-filter_complex', 'split [a][b];[a] palettegen [p];[b][p] paletteuse']) if self.bitrate > 0: args.extend(['-b', '%dk' % self.bitrate]) # %dk: bitrate in kbps. args.extend(extra_args) for k, v in self.metadata.items(): args.extend(['-metadata', '%s=%s' % (k, v)]) return args + ['-y', self.outfile] @classmethod def isAvailable(cls): return ( super().isAvailable() # Ubuntu 12.04 ships a broken ffmpeg binary which we shouldn't use. # NOTE: when removed, remove the same method in AVConvBase. and b'LibAv' not in subprocess.run( [cls.bin_path()], creationflags=subprocess_creation_flags, stdin=subprocess.DEVNULL, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.PIPE).stderr) # Combine FFMpeg options with pipe-based writing @writers.register('ffmpeg') class FFMpegWriter(FFMpegBase, MovieWriter): """ Pipe-based ffmpeg writer. Frames are streamed directly to ffmpeg via a pipe and written in a single pass. """ def _args(self): # Returns the command line parameters for subprocess to use # ffmpeg to create a movie using a pipe. args = [self.bin_path(), '-f', 'rawvideo', '-vcodec', 'rawvideo', '-s', '%dx%d' % self.frame_size, '-pix_fmt', self.frame_format, '-r', str(self.fps)] # Logging is quieted because subprocess.PIPE has limited buffer size. # If you have a lot of frames in your animation and set logging to # DEBUG, you will have a buffer overrun. if _log.getEffectiveLevel() > logging.DEBUG: args += ['-loglevel', 'error'] args += ['-i', 'pipe:'] + self.output_args return args # Combine FFMpeg options with temp file-based writing @writers.register('ffmpeg_file') class FFMpegFileWriter(FFMpegBase, FileMovieWriter): """ File-based ffmpeg writer. Frames are written to temporary files on disk and then stitched together at the end. """ supported_formats = ['png', 'jpeg', 'ppm', 'tiff', 'sgi', 'bmp', 'pbm', 'raw', 'rgba'] def _args(self): # Returns the command line parameters for subprocess to use # ffmpeg to create a movie using a collection of temp images return [self.bin_path(), '-r', str(self.fps), '-i', self._base_temp_name(), '-vframes', str(self._frame_counter)] + self.output_args # Base class of avconv information. AVConv has identical arguments to FFMpeg. @cbook.deprecated('3.3') class AVConvBase(FFMpegBase): """ Mixin class for avconv output. To be useful this must be multiply-inherited from with a `MovieWriterBase` sub-class. """ _exec_key = 'animation.avconv_path' _args_key = 'animation.avconv_args' # NOTE : should be removed when the same method is removed in FFMpegBase. isAvailable = classmethod(MovieWriter.isAvailable.__func__) # Combine AVConv options with pipe-based writing @writers.register('avconv') class AVConvWriter(AVConvBase, FFMpegWriter): """ Pipe-based avconv writer. Frames are streamed directly to avconv via a pipe and written in a single pass. """ # Combine AVConv options with file-based writing @writers.register('avconv_file') class AVConvFileWriter(AVConvBase, FFMpegFileWriter): """ File-based avconv writer. Frames are written to temporary files on disk and then stitched together at the end. """ # Base class for animated GIFs with ImageMagick class ImageMagickBase: """ Mixin class for ImageMagick output. To be useful this must be multiply-inherited from with a `MovieWriterBase` sub-class. """ _exec_key = 'animation.convert_path' _args_key = 'animation.convert_args' @property def delay(self): return 100. / self.fps @property def output_args(self): extra_args = (self.extra_args if self.extra_args is not None else mpl.rcParams[self._args_key]) return [*extra_args, self.outfile] @classmethod def bin_path(cls): binpath = super().bin_path() if binpath == 'convert': binpath = mpl._get_executable_info('magick').executable return binpath @classmethod def isAvailable(cls): try: return super().isAvailable() except mpl.ExecutableNotFoundError as _enf: # May be raised by get_executable_info. _log.debug('ImageMagick unavailable due to: %s', _enf) return False # Combine ImageMagick options with pipe-based writing @writers.register('imagemagick') class ImageMagickWriter(ImageMagickBase, MovieWriter): """ Pipe-based animated gif. Frames are streamed directly to ImageMagick via a pipe and written in a single pass. """ def _args(self): return ([self.bin_path(), '-size', '%ix%i' % self.frame_size, '-depth', '8', '-delay', str(self.delay), '-loop', '0', '%s:-' % self.frame_format] + self.output_args) # Combine ImageMagick options with temp file-based writing @writers.register('imagemagick_file') class ImageMagickFileWriter(ImageMagickBase, FileMovieWriter): """ File-based animated gif writer. Frames are written to temporary files on disk and then stitched together at the end. """ supported_formats = ['png', 'jpeg', 'ppm', 'tiff', 'sgi', 'bmp', 'pbm', 'raw', 'rgba'] def _args(self): return ([self.bin_path(), '-delay', str(self.delay), '-loop', '0', '%s*.%s' % (self.temp_prefix, self.frame_format)] + self.output_args) # Taken directly from jakevdp's JSAnimation package at # http://github.com/jakevdp/JSAnimation def _included_frames(paths, frame_format): """paths should be a list of Paths""" return INCLUDED_FRAMES.format(Nframes=len(paths), frame_dir=paths[0].parent, frame_format=frame_format) def _embedded_frames(frame_list, frame_format): """frame_list should be a list of base64-encoded png files""" template = ' frames[{0}] = "data:image/{1};base64,{2}"\n' return "\n" + "".join( template.format(i, frame_format, frame_data.replace('\n', '\\\n')) for i, frame_data in enumerate(frame_list)) @writers.register('html') class HTMLWriter(FileMovieWriter): """Writer for JavaScript-based HTML movies.""" supported_formats = ['png', 'jpeg', 'tiff', 'svg'] @cbook.deprecated("3.3") @property def args_key(self): return 'animation.html_args' @classmethod def isAvailable(cls): return True def __init__(self, fps=30, codec=None, bitrate=None, extra_args=None, metadata=None, embed_frames=False, default_mode='loop', embed_limit=None): if extra_args: _log.warning("HTMLWriter ignores 'extra_args'") extra_args = () # Don't lookup nonexistent rcParam[args_key]. self.embed_frames = embed_frames self.default_mode = default_mode.lower() cbook._check_in_list(['loop', 'once', 'reflect'], default_mode=self.default_mode) # Save embed limit, which is given in MB if embed_limit is None: self._bytes_limit = mpl.rcParams['animation.embed_limit'] else: self._bytes_limit = embed_limit # Convert from MB to bytes self._bytes_limit *= 1024 * 1024 super().__init__(fps, codec, bitrate, extra_args, metadata) def setup(self, fig, outfile, dpi, frame_dir=None): outfile = Path(outfile) cbook._check_in_list(['.html', '.htm'], outfile_extension=outfile.suffix) self._saved_frames = [] self._total_bytes = 0 self._hit_limit = False if not self.embed_frames: if frame_dir is None: frame_dir = outfile.with_name(outfile.stem + '_frames') frame_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) frame_prefix = frame_dir / 'frame' else: frame_prefix = None super().setup(fig, outfile, dpi, frame_prefix) self._clear_temp = False def grab_frame(self, **savefig_kwargs): if self.embed_frames: # Just stop processing if we hit the limit if self._hit_limit: return f = BytesIO() self.fig.savefig(f, format=self.frame_format, dpi=self.dpi, **savefig_kwargs) imgdata64 = base64.encodebytes(f.getvalue()).decode('ascii') self._total_bytes += len(imgdata64) if self._total_bytes >= self._bytes_limit: _log.warning( "Animation size has reached %s bytes, exceeding the limit " "of %s. If you're sure you want a larger animation " "embedded, set the animation.embed_limit rc parameter to " "a larger value (in MB). This and further frames will be " "dropped.", self._total_bytes, self._bytes_limit) self._hit_limit = True else: self._saved_frames.append(imgdata64) else: return super().grab_frame(**savefig_kwargs) def finish(self): # save the frames to an html file if self.embed_frames: fill_frames = _embedded_frames(self._saved_frames, self.frame_format) Nframes = len(self._saved_frames) else: # temp names is filled by FileMovieWriter fill_frames = _included_frames(self._temp_paths, self.frame_format) Nframes = len(self._temp_paths) mode_dict = dict(once_checked='', loop_checked='', reflect_checked='') mode_dict[self.default_mode + '_checked'] = 'checked' interval = 1000 // self.fps with open(self.outfile, 'w') as of: of.write(JS_INCLUDE + STYLE_INCLUDE) of.write(DISPLAY_TEMPLATE.format(id=uuid.uuid4().hex, Nframes=Nframes, fill_frames=fill_frames, interval=interval, **mode_dict)) class Animation: """ A base class for Animations. This class is not usable as is, and should be subclassed to provide needed behavior. Parameters ---------- fig : `~matplotlib.figure.Figure` The figure object used to get needed events, such as draw or resize. event_source : object, optional A class that can run a callback when desired events are generated, as well as be stopped and started. Examples include timers (see `TimedAnimation`) and file system notifications. blit : bool, default: False Whether blitting is used to optimize drawing. See Also -------- FuncAnimation, ArtistAnimation """ def __init__(self, fig, event_source=None, blit=False): self._fig = fig # Disables blitting for backends that don't support it. This # allows users to request it if available, but still have a # fallback that works if it is not. self._blit = blit and fig.canvas.supports_blit # These are the basics of the animation. The frame sequence represents # information for each frame of the animation and depends on how the # drawing is handled by the subclasses. The event source fires events # that cause the frame sequence to be iterated. self.frame_seq = self.new_frame_seq() self.event_source = event_source # Instead of starting the event source now, we connect to the figure's # draw_event, so that we only start once the figure has been drawn. self._first_draw_id = fig.canvas.mpl_connect('draw_event', self._start) # Connect to the figure's close_event so that we don't continue to # fire events and try to draw to a deleted figure. self._close_id = self._fig.canvas.mpl_connect('close_event', self._stop) if self._blit: self._setup_blit() def _start(self, *args): """ Starts interactive animation. Adds the draw frame command to the GUI handler, calls show to start the event loop. """ # Do not start the event source if saving() it. if self._fig.canvas.is_saving(): return # First disconnect our draw event handler self._fig.canvas.mpl_disconnect(self._first_draw_id) # Now do any initial draw self._init_draw() # Add our callback for stepping the animation and # actually start the event_source. self.event_source.add_callback(self._step) self.event_source.start() def _stop(self, *args): # On stop we disconnect all of our events. if self._blit: self._fig.canvas.mpl_disconnect(self._resize_id) self._fig.canvas.mpl_disconnect(self._close_id) self.event_source.remove_callback(self._step) self.event_source = None def save(self, filename, writer=None, fps=None, dpi=None, codec=None, bitrate=None, extra_args=None, metadata=None, extra_anim=None, savefig_kwargs=None, *, progress_callback=None): """ Save the animation as a movie file by drawing every frame. Parameters ---------- filename : str The output filename, e.g., :file:`mymovie.mp4`. writer : `MovieWriter` or str, default: :rc:`animation.writer` A `MovieWriter` instance to use or a key that identifies a class to use, such as 'ffmpeg'. fps : int, optional Movie frame rate (per second). If not set, the frame rate from the animation's frame interval. dpi : float, default: :rc:`savefig.dpi` Controls the dots per inch for the movie frames. Together with the figure's size in inches, this controls the size of the movie. codec : str, default: :rc:`animation.codec`. The video codec to use. Not all codecs are supported by a given `MovieWriter`. bitrate : int, default: :rc:`animation.bitrate` The bitrate of the movie, in kilobits per second. Higher values means higher quality movies, but increase the file size. A value of -1 lets the underlying movie encoder select the bitrate. extra_args : list of str or None, optional Extra command-line arguments passed to the underlying movie encoder. The default, None, means to use :rc:`animation.[name-of-encoder]_args` for the builtin writers. metadata : Dict[str, str], default {} Dictionary of keys and values for metadata to include in the output file. Some keys that may be of use include: title, artist, genre, subject, copyright, srcform, comment. extra_anim : list, default: [] Additional `Animation` objects that should be included in the saved movie file. These need to be from the same `matplotlib.figure.Figure` instance. Also, animation frames will just be simply combined, so there should be a 1:1 correspondence between the frames from the different animations. savefig_kwargs : dict, default: {} Keyword arguments passed to each `~.Figure.savefig` call used to save the individual frames. progress_callback : function, optional A callback function that will be called for every frame to notify the saving progress. It must have the signature :: def func(current_frame: int, total_frames: int) -> Any where *current_frame* is the current frame number and *total_frames* is the total number of frames to be saved. *total_frames* is set to None, if the total number of frames can not be determined. Return values may exist but are ignored. Example code to write the progress to stdout:: progress_callback =\ lambda i, n: print(f'Saving frame {i} of {n}') Notes ----- *fps*, *codec*, *bitrate*, *extra_args* and *metadata* are used to construct a `.MovieWriter` instance and can only be passed if *writer* is a string. If they are passed as non-*None* and *writer* is a `.MovieWriter`, a `RuntimeError` will be raised. """ if writer is None: writer = mpl.rcParams['animation.writer'] elif (not isinstance(writer, str) and any(arg is not None for arg in (fps, codec, bitrate, extra_args, metadata))): raise RuntimeError('Passing in values for arguments ' 'fps, codec, bitrate, extra_args, or metadata ' 'is not supported when writer is an existing ' 'MovieWriter instance. These should instead be ' 'passed as arguments when creating the ' 'MovieWriter instance.') if savefig_kwargs is None: savefig_kwargs = {} if fps is None and hasattr(self, '_interval'): # Convert interval in ms to frames per second fps = 1000. / self._interval # Re-use the savefig DPI for ours if none is given if dpi is None: dpi = mpl.rcParams['savefig.dpi'] if dpi == 'figure': dpi = self._fig.dpi writer_kwargs = {} if codec is not None: writer_kwargs['codec'] = codec if bitrate is not None: writer_kwargs['bitrate'] = bitrate if extra_args is not None: writer_kwargs['extra_args'] = extra_args if metadata is not None: writer_kwargs['metadata'] = metadata all_anim = [self] if extra_anim is not None: all_anim.extend(anim for anim in extra_anim if anim._fig is self._fig) # If we have the name of a writer, instantiate an instance of the # registered class. if isinstance(writer, str): try: writer_cls = writers[writer] except RuntimeError: # Raised if not available. writer_cls = PillowWriter # Always available. _log.warning("MovieWriter %s unavailable; using Pillow " "instead.", writer) writer = writer_cls(fps, **writer_kwargs) _log.info('Animation.save using %s', type(writer)) if 'bbox_inches' in savefig_kwargs: _log.warning("Warning: discarding the 'bbox_inches' argument in " "'savefig_kwargs' as it may cause frame size " "to vary, which is inappropriate for animation.") savefig_kwargs.pop('bbox_inches') # Create a new sequence of frames for saved data. This is different # from new_frame_seq() to give the ability to save 'live' generated # frame information to be saved later. # TODO: Right now, after closing the figure, saving a movie won't work # since GUI widgets are gone. Either need to remove extra code to # allow for this non-existent use case or find a way to make it work. if mpl.rcParams['savefig.bbox'] == 'tight': _log.info("Disabling savefig.bbox = 'tight', as it may cause " "frame size to vary, which is inappropriate for " "animation.") # canvas._is_saving = True makes the draw_event animation-starting # callback a no-op; canvas.manager = None prevents resizing the GUI # widget (both are likewise done in savefig()). with mpl.rc_context({'savefig.bbox': None}), \ writer.saving(self._fig, filename, dpi), \ cbook._setattr_cm(self._fig.canvas, _is_saving=True, manager=None): for anim in all_anim: anim._init_draw() # Clear the initial frame frame_number = 0 # TODO: Currently only FuncAnimation has a save_count # attribute. Can we generalize this to all Animations? save_count_list = [getattr(a, 'save_count', None) for a in all_anim] if None in save_count_list: total_frames = None else: total_frames = sum(save_count_list) for data in zip(*[a.new_saved_frame_seq() for a in all_anim]): for anim, d in zip(all_anim, data): # TODO: See if turning off blit is really necessary anim._draw_next_frame(d, blit=False) if progress_callback is not None: progress_callback(frame_number, total_frames) frame_number += 1 writer.grab_frame(**savefig_kwargs) def _step(self, *args): """ Handler for getting events. By default, gets the next frame in the sequence and hands the data off to be drawn. """ # Returns True to indicate that the event source should continue to # call _step, until the frame sequence reaches the end of iteration, # at which point False will be returned. try: framedata = next(self.frame_seq) self._draw_next_frame(framedata, self._blit) return True except StopIteration: return False def new_frame_seq(self): """Return a new sequence of frame information.""" # Default implementation is just an iterator over self._framedata return iter(self._framedata) def new_saved_frame_seq(self): """Return a new sequence of saved/cached frame information.""" # Default is the same as the regular frame sequence return self.new_frame_seq() def _draw_next_frame(self, framedata, blit): # Breaks down the drawing of the next frame into steps of pre- and # post- draw, as well as the drawing of the frame itself. self._pre_draw(framedata, blit) self._draw_frame(framedata) self._post_draw(framedata, blit) def _init_draw(self): # Initial draw to clear the frame. Also used by the blitting code # when a clean base is required. pass def _pre_draw(self, framedata, blit): # Perform any cleaning or whatnot before the drawing of the frame. # This default implementation allows blit to clear the frame. if blit: self._blit_clear(self._drawn_artists) def _draw_frame(self, framedata): # Performs actual drawing of the frame. raise NotImplementedError('Needs to be implemented by subclasses to' ' actually make an animation.') def _post_draw(self, framedata, blit): # After the frame is rendered, this handles the actual flushing of # the draw, which can be a direct draw_idle() or make use of the # blitting. if blit and self._drawn_artists: self._blit_draw(self._drawn_artists) else: self._fig.canvas.draw_idle() # The rest of the code in this class is to facilitate easy blitting def _blit_draw(self, artists): # Handles blitted drawing, which renders only the artists given instead # of the entire figure. updated_ax = {a.axes for a in artists} # Enumerate artists to cache axes' backgrounds. We do not draw # artists yet to not cache foreground from plots with shared axes for ax in updated_ax: # If we haven't cached the background for the current view of this # axes object, do so now. This might not always be reliable, but # it's an attempt to automate the process. cur_view = ax._get_view() view, bg = self._blit_cache.get(ax, (object(), None)) if cur_view != view: self._blit_cache[ax] = ( cur_view, ax.figure.canvas.copy_from_bbox(ax.bbox)) # Make a separate pass to draw foreground. for a in artists: a.axes.draw_artist(a) # After rendering all the needed artists, blit each axes individually. for ax in updated_ax: ax.figure.canvas.blit(ax.bbox) def _blit_clear(self, artists): # Get a list of the axes that need clearing from the artists that # have been drawn. Grab the appropriate saved background from the # cache and restore. axes = {a.axes for a in artists} for ax in axes: try: view, bg = self._blit_cache[ax] except KeyError: continue if ax._get_view() == view: ax.figure.canvas.restore_region(bg) else: self._blit_cache.pop(ax) def _setup_blit(self): # Setting up the blit requires: a cache of the background for the # axes self._blit_cache = dict() self._drawn_artists = [] self._resize_id = self._fig.canvas.mpl_connect('resize_event', self._on_resize) self._post_draw(None, self._blit) def _on_resize(self, event): # On resize, we need to disable the resize event handling so we don't # get too many events. Also stop the animation events, so that # we're paused. Reset the cache and re-init. Set up an event handler # to catch once the draw has actually taken place. self._fig.canvas.mpl_disconnect(self._resize_id) self.event_source.stop() self._blit_cache.clear() self._init_draw() self._resize_id = self._fig.canvas.mpl_connect('draw_event', self._end_redraw) def _end_redraw(self, event): # Now that the redraw has happened, do the post draw flushing and # blit handling. Then re-enable all of the original events. self._post_draw(None, False) self.event_source.start() self._fig.canvas.mpl_disconnect(self._resize_id) self._resize_id = self._fig.canvas.mpl_connect('resize_event', self._on_resize) def to_html5_video(self, embed_limit=None): """ Convert the animation to an HTML5 ``<video>`` tag. This saves the animation as an h264 video, encoded in base64 directly into the HTML5 video tag. This respects :rc:`animation.writer` and :rc:`animation.bitrate`. This also makes use of the ``interval`` to control the speed, and uses the ``repeat`` parameter to decide whether to loop. Parameters ---------- embed_limit : float, optional Limit, in MB, of the returned animation. No animation is created if the limit is exceeded. Defaults to :rc:`animation.embed_limit` = 20.0. Returns ------- str An HTML5 video tag with the animation embedded as base64 encoded h264 video. If the *embed_limit* is exceeded, this returns the string "Video too large to embed." """ VIDEO_TAG = r'''<video {size} {options}> <source type="video/mp4" src="data:video/mp4;base64,{video}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>''' # Cache the rendering of the video as HTML if not hasattr(self, '_base64_video'): # Save embed limit, which is given in MB if embed_limit is None: embed_limit = mpl.rcParams['animation.embed_limit'] # Convert from MB to bytes embed_limit *= 1024 * 1024 # Can't open a NamedTemporaryFile twice on Windows, so use a # TemporaryDirectory instead. with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir: path = Path(tmpdir, "temp.m4v") # We create a writer manually so that we can get the # appropriate size for the tag Writer = writers[mpl.rcParams['animation.writer']] writer = Writer(codec='h264', bitrate=mpl.rcParams['animation.bitrate'], fps=1000. / self._interval) self.save(str(path), writer=writer) # Now open and base64 encode. vid64 = base64.encodebytes(path.read_bytes()) vid_len = len(vid64) if vid_len >= embed_limit: _log.warning( "Animation movie is %s bytes, exceeding the limit of %s. " "If you're sure you want a large animation embedded, set " "the animation.embed_limit rc parameter to a larger value " "(in MB).", vid_len, embed_limit) else: self._base64_video = vid64.decode('ascii') self._video_size = 'width="{}" height="{}"'.format( *writer.frame_size) # If we exceeded the size, this attribute won't exist if hasattr(self, '_base64_video'): # Default HTML5 options are to autoplay and display video controls options = ['controls', 'autoplay'] # If we're set to repeat, make it loop if hasattr(self, 'repeat') and self.repeat: options.append('loop') return VIDEO_TAG.format(video=self._base64_video, size=self._video_size, options=' '.join(options)) else: return 'Video too large to embed.' def to_jshtml(self, fps=None, embed_frames=True, default_mode=None): """Generate HTML representation of the animation""" if fps is None and hasattr(self, '_interval'): # Convert interval in ms to frames per second fps = 1000 / self._interval # If we're not given a default mode, choose one base on the value of # the repeat attribute if default_mode is None: default_mode = 'loop' if self.repeat else 'once' if not hasattr(self, "_html_representation"): # Can't open a NamedTemporaryFile twice on Windows, so use a # TemporaryDirectory instead. with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir: path = Path(tmpdir, "temp.html") writer = HTMLWriter(fps=fps, embed_frames=embed_frames, default_mode=default_mode) self.save(str(path), writer=writer) self._html_representation = path.read_text() return self._html_representation def _repr_html_(self): """IPython display hook for rendering.""" fmt = mpl.rcParams['animation.html'] if fmt == 'html5': return self.to_html5_video() elif fmt == 'jshtml': return self.to_jshtml() class TimedAnimation(Animation): """ `Animation` subclass for time-based animation. A new frame is drawn every *interval* milliseconds. Parameters ---------- fig : `~matplotlib.figure.Figure` The figure object used to get needed events, such as draw or resize. interval : int, default: 200 Delay between frames in milliseconds. repeat_delay : int, default: 0 The delay in milliseconds between consecutive animation runs, if *repeat* is True. repeat : bool, default: True Whether the animation repeats when the sequence of frames is completed. blit : bool, default: False Whether blitting is used to optimize drawing. """ def __init__(self, fig, interval=200, repeat_delay=0, repeat=True, event_source=None, *args, **kwargs): self._interval = interval # Undocumented support for repeat_delay = None as backcompat. self._repeat_delay = repeat_delay if repeat_delay is not None else 0 self.repeat = repeat # If we're not given an event source, create a new timer. This permits # sharing timers between animation objects for syncing animations. if event_source is None: event_source = fig.canvas.new_timer(interval=self._interval) Animation.__init__(self, fig, event_source=event_source, *args, **kwargs) def _step(self, *args): """Handler for getting events.""" # Extends the _step() method for the Animation class. If # Animation._step signals that it reached the end and we want to # repeat, we refresh the frame sequence and return True. If # _repeat_delay is set, change the event_source's interval to our loop # delay and set the callback to one which will then set the interval # back. still_going = Animation._step(self, *args) if not still_going and self.repeat: self._init_draw() self.frame_seq = self.new_frame_seq() self.event_source.remove_callback(self._step) self.event_source.add_callback(self._loop_delay) self.event_source.interval = self._repeat_delay return True else: return still_going def _stop(self, *args): # If we stop in the middle of a loop delay (which is relatively likely # given the potential pause here), remove the loop_delay callback as # well. self.event_source.remove_callback(self._loop_delay) Animation._stop(self) def _loop_delay(self, *args): # Reset the interval and change callbacks after the delay. self.event_source.remove_callback(self._loop_delay) self.event_source.interval = self._interval self.event_source.add_callback(self._step) Animation._step(self) class ArtistAnimation(TimedAnimation): """ Animation using a fixed set of `.Artist` objects. Before creating an instance, all plotting should have taken place and the relevant artists saved. Parameters ---------- fig : `~matplotlib.figure.Figure` The figure object used to get needed events, such as draw or resize. artists : list Each list entry is a collection of artists that are made visible on the corresponding frame. Other artists are made invisible. interval : int, default: 200 Delay between frames in milliseconds. repeat_delay : int, default: 0 The delay in milliseconds between consecutive animation runs, if *repeat* is True. repeat : bool, default: True Whether the animation repeats when the sequence of frames is completed. blit : bool, default: False Whether blitting is used to optimize drawing. """ def __init__(self, fig, artists, *args, **kwargs): # Internal list of artists drawn in the most recent frame. self._drawn_artists = [] # Use the list of artists as the framedata, which will be iterated # over by the machinery. self._framedata = artists TimedAnimation.__init__(self, fig, *args, **kwargs) def _init_draw(self): # Make all the artists involved in *any* frame invisible figs = set() for f in self.new_frame_seq(): for artist in f: artist.set_visible(False) artist.set_animated(self._blit) # Assemble a list of unique figures that need flushing if artist.get_figure() not in figs: figs.add(artist.get_figure()) # Flush the needed figures for fig in figs: fig.canvas.draw_idle() def _pre_draw(self, framedata, blit): """Clears artists from the last frame.""" if blit: # Let blit handle clearing self._blit_clear(self._drawn_artists) else: # Otherwise, make all the artists from the previous frame invisible for artist in self._drawn_artists: artist.set_visible(False) def _draw_frame(self, artists): # Save the artists that were passed in as framedata for the other # steps (esp. blitting) to use. self._drawn_artists = artists # Make all the artists from the current frame visible for artist in artists: artist.set_visible(True) class FuncAnimation(TimedAnimation): """ Makes an animation by repeatedly calling a function *func*. Parameters ---------- fig : `~matplotlib.figure.Figure` The figure object used to get needed events, such as draw or resize. func : callable The function to call at each frame. The first argument will be the next value in *frames*. Any additional positional arguments can be supplied via the *fargs* parameter. The required signature is:: def func(frame, *fargs) -> iterable_of_artists If ``blit == True``, *func* must return an iterable of all artists that were modified or created. This information is used by the blitting algorithm to determine which parts of the figure have to be updated. The return value is unused if ``blit == False`` and may be omitted in that case. frames : iterable, int, generator function, or None, optional Source of data to pass *func* and each frame of the animation - If an iterable, then simply use the values provided. If the iterable has a length, it will override the *save_count* kwarg. - If an integer, then equivalent to passing ``range(frames)`` - If a generator function, then must have the signature:: def gen_function() -> obj - If *None*, then equivalent to passing ``itertools.count``. In all of these cases, the values in *frames* is simply passed through to the user-supplied *func* and thus can be of any type. init_func : callable, optional A function used to draw a clear frame. If not given, the results of drawing from the first item in the frames sequence will be used. This function will be called once before the first frame. The required signature is:: def init_func() -> iterable_of_artists If ``blit == True``, *init_func* must return an iterable of artists to be re-drawn. This information is used by the blitting algorithm to determine which parts of the figure have to be updated. The return value is unused if ``blit == False`` and may be omitted in that case. fargs : tuple or None, optional Additional arguments to pass to each call to *func*. save_count : int, default: 100 Fallback for the number of values from *frames* to cache. This is only used if the number of frames cannot be inferred from *frames*, i.e. when it's an iterator without length or a generator. interval : int, default: 200 Delay between frames in milliseconds. repeat_delay : int, default: 0 The delay in milliseconds between consecutive animation runs, if *repeat* is True. repeat : bool, default: True Whether the animation repeats when the sequence of frames is completed. blit : bool, default: False Whether blitting is used to optimize drawing. Note: when using blitting, any animated artists will be drawn according to their zorder; however, they will be drawn on top of any previous artists, regardless of their zorder. cache_frame_data : bool, default: True Whether frame data is cached. Disabling cache might be helpful when frames contain large objects. """ def __init__(self, fig, func, frames=None, init_func=None, fargs=None, save_count=None, *, cache_frame_data=True, **kwargs): if fargs: self._args = fargs else: self._args = () self._func = func self._init_func = init_func # Amount of framedata to keep around for saving movies. This is only # used if we don't know how many frames there will be: in the case # of no generator or in the case of a callable. self.save_count = save_count # Set up a function that creates a new iterable when needed. If nothing # is passed in for frames, just use itertools.count, which will just # keep counting from 0. A callable passed in for frames is assumed to # be a generator. An iterable will be used as is, and anything else # will be treated as a number of frames. if frames is None: self._iter_gen = itertools.count elif callable(frames): self._iter_gen = frames elif np.iterable(frames): if kwargs.get('repeat', True): def iter_frames(frames=frames): while True: this, frames = itertools.tee(frames, 2) yield from this self._iter_gen = iter_frames else: self._iter_gen = lambda: iter(frames) if hasattr(frames, '__len__'): self.save_count = len(frames) else: self._iter_gen = lambda: iter(range(frames)) self.save_count = frames if self.save_count is None: # If we're passed in and using the default, set save_count to 100. self.save_count = 100 else: # itertools.islice returns an error when passed a numpy int instead # of a native python int (http://bugs.python.org/issue30537). # As a workaround, convert save_count to a native python int. self.save_count = int(self.save_count) self._cache_frame_data = cache_frame_data # Needs to be initialized so the draw functions work without checking self._save_seq = [] TimedAnimation.__init__(self, fig, **kwargs) # Need to reset the saved seq, since right now it will contain data # for a single frame from init, which is not what we want. self._save_seq = [] def new_frame_seq(self): # Use the generating function to generate a new frame sequence return self._iter_gen() def new_saved_frame_seq(self): # Generate an iterator for the sequence of saved data. If there are # no saved frames, generate a new frame sequence and take the first # save_count entries in it. if self._save_seq: # While iterating we are going to update _save_seq # so make a copy to safely iterate over self._old_saved_seq = list(self._save_seq) return iter(self._old_saved_seq) else: if self.save_count is not None: return itertools.islice(self.new_frame_seq(), self.save_count) else: frame_seq = self.new_frame_seq() def gen(): try: for _ in range(100): yield next(frame_seq) except StopIteration: pass else: cbook.warn_deprecated( "2.2", message="FuncAnimation.save has truncated " "your animation to 100 frames. In the future, no " "such truncation will occur; please pass " "'save_count' accordingly.") return gen() def _init_draw(self): # Initialize the drawing either using the given init_func or by # calling the draw function with the first item of the frame sequence. # For blitting, the init_func should return a sequence of modified # artists. if self._init_func is None: self._draw_frame(next(self.new_frame_seq())) else: self._drawn_artists = self._init_func() if self._blit: if self._drawn_artists is None: raise RuntimeError('The init_func must return a ' 'sequence of Artist objects.') for a in self._drawn_artists: a.set_animated(self._blit) self._save_seq = [] def _draw_frame(self, framedata): if self._cache_frame_data: # Save the data for potential saving of movies. self._save_seq.append(framedata) # Make sure to respect save_count (keep only the last save_count # around) self._save_seq = self._save_seq[-self.save_count:] # Call the func with framedata and args. If blitting is desired, # func needs to return a sequence of any artists that were modified. self._drawn_artists = self._func(framedata, *self._args) if self._blit: if self._drawn_artists is None: raise RuntimeError('The animation function must return a ' 'sequence of Artist objects.') self._drawn_artists = sorted(self._drawn_artists, key=lambda x: x.get_zorder()) for a in self._drawn_artists: a.set_animated(self._blit)