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Date: Mon, 15 Jul 2019 00:04:24 +0000 (UTC)
From: "FutureLearn" <please.do.not.reply@futurelearn.com>
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Subject: Logical and Critical Thinking - welcome to Week 6

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*********************
Hello Augustine,
*********************

Welcome to Week 6 of Logical and Critical Thinking.

Go to Week 6=20
( https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/logical-and-critical-thinking/11/todo=
/45661?utm_campaign=3Dlogical-and-critical-thinking-11&utm_content=3DGoToWe=
ek_6&utm_medium=3Dfuturelearn_organic_email&utm_source=3DCRM_email&utm_term=
=3DCP_1_WTW_w6 )


In Week 5 we looked at the first of three of applied topics
beginning with science. This week we move to law, and the week
after that to morality.

Each of these topics calls upon us to apply our logical and
critical thinking skills in a particular domain of reasoning.

Scientific reasoning uses particular methods, and the distinction
between deductive and non-deductive reasoning helps us to
understand and assess those methods and the particular claims
defended by them. What is often called the scientific method is
deductive and has scientists proposing and testing hypothesis to
explain observations. We used the extinction of dinosaurs as an
example. The example allowed us to introduce the distinction
between verification and falsification and the importance of
falsifiability in science. Inference to the best explanation is
an important non-deductive aspect of scientific reasoning.

We described random controlled trials and the nature and role of
scientific theories and we also examined some of the ways science
can go wrong or be misused.

Pseudo science passes itself off as science, and sometimes we=E2=80=99re=0D
tempted to look not for the best but for any old explanation.

We saw how researchers can influence the things they=E2=80=99re meant to=0D
be merely observing. These problem-cases should remind us of the
point and the importance of the scientific method and good
logical and critical thinking in science. They aim to help us
avoid these sorts of errors.

There was lively discussion of the videos and articles. Learners
made some very valuable contributions, and it=E2=80=99s pleasing to see=0D
constructive exchanges, at times developing and extending the
material.

Next week we will turn to some aspects of legal reasoning which
appear to challenge some of our assumptions about good logical
and critical thinking.

Best wishes,

Tim Dare=20
( https://www.futurelearn.com/profiles/1132279 ) - Associate
Professor

Patrick Girard ( https://www.futurelearn.com/profiles/1695887 ) -
Senior Lecturer

University of Auckland

The University of Auckland

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elvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; text-alig=
n: left; line-height: 36px; word-break: normal; font-size: 28px; margin: 0 =
0 20px; padding: 0;">Hello Augustine,</h1>

<p style=3D"color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial=
&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; line-height: 24p=
x; font-size: 16px; margin: 0 0 16px; padding: 0;">Welcome to Week 6 of Log=
ical and Critical Thinking.</p>

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collapse; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 100%; overflow: hid=
den; padding: 0;">
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mportant; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; color: #ffffff; font-fam=
ily: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: nor=
mal; line-height: 24px; font-size: 16px; display: block; width: auto !impor=
tant; background-color: #de00a5; margin: 0; padding: 8px 0;">
            <a href=3D"http://email.futurelearn.com/wf/click?upn=3DtH4-2Fml=
i62V7iqIL38lIvkRa3-2BfcdLHIDzY2FJDtm3an7fuSzgiE2zSsH5RRxFlyBUD1eI8S2QI9vMAF=
zrlNOPi4fYyv6viSUdpMv-2Fhq6xYMaWR6y5BIxYwpkwiL5EpmTZ0HfkFi7BnmsYuXliUeUGOvR=
iL3yk-2F-2FmB3QCrfLha0jNj8G916I-2FGUDwsC7hnHqjM7nA8A7ivmUQ-2B0Y-2FOEYKT3nQm=
cG8RN10JofQcDDCtveJGJIyZMcBxEIE-2FY8D0prdoGABXNdMDiCtqJ2lz9RT-2FdWCv7eUcePv=
LJcgpgRdp5v5-2F-2FcUjxwJlIIf95-2B5IQlk_Zi0h9C4UgsHL9ySzrgSnBRXb02Mq-2BgIvMn=
4YmebLrJe-2F8YU7gtqr2-2Bti3LEouz3XwJZSdsPe5zy-2B5RAPDp-2BEzfJhoEI1BFBY-2B-2=
B11TISFySqoz5Sb1DWuBrTWQSOWSifX7pK5wCh4MmMC7yowKXwwJP6VEH7oEor3u7oskCSwaAs8=
EJQuhtJNxFTMYl2HiOEYWj0qm6ecZV-2FXxmpG-2FvUVhdogfelEMcDl-2BG4Q93Zvleaun9vOP=
v4mYJyeq91NTB8Zgt1PCh5vXgqk69GbOzuvWkIv0lp7Ajx1KwLsFYm1AgPpJRlbBQckO0w-2F2q=
jA8Xi7P1skCSqX65kgnV6E-2FCNFXX3a-2FKXvUws-2BnIAm55T05mhgjUeRVIA7TbBIaZROI5Q=
2aBJe-2F7lp2A5Y1V7yyIA1B-2FXCjRUEOd5sZlTfkuCLNW08JdFsGiAg4BUmkEe6C49spyseEZ=
oktDyAo709nZVq69ine2nxSNMnQyVBRFTBNuspS5Bsr0k-2BiG-2BHD4Qznf-2FD3mmXfHOpdQC=
Yd8hsC5LHdg-3D-3D" style=3D"color: #ffffff; text-decoration: none; font-wei=
ght: bold; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; disp=
lay: block; width: 100%; height: 100%;">Go to Week 6</a>
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idden; width: 0px; color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quo=
t;Arial&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; font-siz=
e: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0;"></td>
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</table>


<table class=3D"twelve columns" style=3D"border-spacing: 0; border-collapse=
: collapse; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 508px; margin: 0 =
auto; padding: 0;">
  <tr style=3D"vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding: 0;">
    <td class=3D"center hr" style=3D"word-break: break-word; border-collaps=
e: collapse !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; color: #3a=
343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial&quot;, sans-serif; fo=
nt-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; font-size: 16px; width: 100%; margin:=
 0; padding: 20px 0 30px;">
      <hr style=3D"color: #ededee; background-color: #ededee; height: 1px; =
margin: 0; border: none;" />
    </td>
    <td class=3D"expander" style=3D"word-break: break-word; border-collapse=
: collapse !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; visibility: h=
idden; width: 0px; color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quo=
t;Arial&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; font-siz=
e: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0;"></td>
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<p style=3D"color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial=
&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; line-height: 24p=
x; font-size: 16px; margin: 0 0 16px; padding: 0;">In Week 5 we looked at t=
he first of three of applied topics beginning with science. This week we mo=
ve to law, and the week after that to morality.</p>

<p style=3D"color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial=
&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; line-height: 24p=
x; font-size: 16px; margin: 0 0 16px; padding: 0;">Each of these topics cal=
ls upon us to apply our logical and critical thinking skills in a particula=
r domain of reasoning.</p>

<p style=3D"color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial=
&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; line-height: 24p=
x; font-size: 16px; margin: 0 0 16px; padding: 0;">Scientific reasoning use=
s particular methods, and the distinction between deductive and non-deducti=
ve reasoning helps us to understand and assess those methods and the partic=
ular claims defended by them. What is often called the scientific method is=
 deductive and has scientists proposing and testing hypothesis to explain o=
bservations. We used the extinction of dinosaurs as an example. The example=
 allowed us to introduce the distinction between verification and falsifica=
tion and the importance of falsifiability in science. Inference to the best=
 explanation is an important non-deductive aspect of scientific reasoning.<=
/p>

<p style=3D"color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial=
&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; line-height: 24p=
x; font-size: 16px; margin: 0 0 16px; padding: 0;">We described random cont=
rolled trials and the nature and role of scientific theories and we also ex=
amined some of the ways science can go wrong or be misused.</p>


<p style=3D"color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial=
&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; line-height: 24p=
x; font-size: 16px; margin: 0 0 16px; padding: 0;">Pseudo science passes it=
self off as science, and sometimes we=E2=80=99re tempted to look not for th=
e best but for any old explanation.</p>

<p style=3D"color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial=
&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; line-height: 24p=
x; font-size: 16px; margin: 0 0 16px; padding: 0;">We saw how researchers c=
an influence the things they=E2=80=99re meant to be merely observing. These=
 problem-cases should remind us of the point and the importance of the scie=
ntific method and good logical and critical thinking in science. They aim t=
o help us avoid these sorts of errors.</p>

<p style=3D"color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial=
&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; line-height: 24p=
x; font-size: 16px; margin: 0 0 16px; padding: 0;">There was lively discuss=
ion of the videos and articles. Learners made some very valuable contributi=
ons, and it=E2=80=99s pleasing to see constructive exchanges, at times deve=
loping and extending the material.</p>

<p style=3D"color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial=
&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; line-height: 24p=
x; font-size: 16px; margin: 0 0 16px; padding: 0;">Next week we will turn t=
o some aspects of legal reasoning which appear to challenge some of our ass=
umptions about good logical and critical thinking.</p>

<p style=3D"color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial=
&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; line-height: 24p=
x; font-size: 16px; margin: 0 0 16px; padding: 0;">Best wishes,</p>



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e: collapse; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 100%; position: =
relative; display: block; padding: 0px;">
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    <td class=3D"wrapper" style=3D"word-break: break-word; border-collapse:=
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elative; color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial&qu=
ot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; font-size: 16px; m=
argin: 0; padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;">
      <table class=3D"eight columns" style=3D"border-spacing: 0; border-col=
lapse: collapse; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 332px; margi=
n: 0 auto; padding: 0;">
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          <td class=3D"no-margin-child" style=3D"word-break: break-word; bo=
rder-collapse: collapse !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; =
color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;, &quot;Arial&quot;, sans=
-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; font-size: 16px; margin: 0;=
 padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
            <p style=3D"color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;,=
 &quot;Arial&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; line=
-height: 24px; font-size: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0;"><a href=3D"http://e=
mail.futurelearn.com/wf/click?upn=3DtH4-2Fmli62V7iqIL38lIvkRa3-2BfcdLHIDzY2=
FJDtm3amRVO1N-2FzCZd1IqsmNg6D1f6Q89O9EwrzKXyvM1YfEGtA-3D-3D_Zi0h9C4UgsHL9yS=
zrgSnBRXb02Mq-2BgIvMn4YmebLrJe-2F8YU7gtqr2-2Bti3LEouz3XwJZSdsPe5zy-2B5RAPDp=
-2BEzfJhoEI1BFBY-2B-2B11TISFySqoz5Sb1DWuBrTWQSOWSifX7pK5wCh4MmMC7yowKXwwJP6=
VEH7oEor3u7oskCSwaAs8EJQuhtJNxFTMYl2HiOEYWj0qm6ecZV-2FXxmpG-2FvUVhQIYlSOI8s=
ob9U-2Fp9CP1VpIHiOJMc-2BopFGgUVLQRVwKv2ZTSfcaofcW-2FLPJfX9o0qBZPwXtkg2DOF5-=
2FNBk-2FOxcDGQHf-2FETvm4CUjH-2Fs-2Bt01oXKETPLQuv302coIb5oqFFaMOA1Cn7T53dW8N=
nzih84jg12-2F4VVyHcJAzMKIb9CkHuS9wTlGmn3nmYaurO2oSjRm-2FiDrPOCMpMQwluqf992W=
s7LxIfY4F-2BVhf5sS6EDxY0qgSCrjRvdGnFDP23nidRLi42BvnVIV2yvm2bgRTUY1Ci2Mk8byy=
79y8ZwtIZR1qYP2KarcvlOxkTBrDrgTDYA-3D-3D" style=3D"color: #de00a5; text-dec=
oration: none;">Tim Dare</a> - Associate Professor  <br />
<a href=3D"http://email.futurelearn.com/wf/click?upn=3DtH4-2Fmli62V7iqIL38l=
IvkRa3-2BfcdLHIDzY2FJDtm3alIbWJkA3HfH6OrieV-2FSTwcI5eKUyp-2BK0yRuQ8DnhTpww-=
3D-3D_Zi0h9C4UgsHL9ySzrgSnBRXb02Mq-2BgIvMn4YmebLrJe-2F8YU7gtqr2-2Bti3LEouz3=
XwJZSdsPe5zy-2B5RAPDp-2BEzfJhoEI1BFBY-2B-2B11TISFySqoz5Sb1DWuBrTWQSOWSifX7p=
K5wCh4MmMC7yowKXwwJP6VEH7oEor3u7oskCSwaAs8EJQuhtJNxFTMYl2HiOEYWj0qm6ecZV-2F=
XxmpG-2FvUVhV6CdW7ma0IlRrquuMW120naHbUr4HpN6DbNee-2Bl7G0pYTrl8AWbgUqZ-2FJyf=
UZ8cBjCbUqG1rTwL-2FG8-2F5xTid-2BGgAjfjIYClh-2BySpkCvV1IcCb-2Bj2XTJAHbKZ2T7b=
e3JWufVfv1talU2xBZpq-2BCGTR8Riq2F0-2B-2Fgf3uhrRtiXLrNNIs79ixzubr-2Bl4odLTGU=
Q2fHrWfQU-2BlDATxa6jYsF6C61BhZrej6gtNhXrcTQrt-2B9M6LHTdUEQ3eu7Z-2BhGBMqT2Jv=
Nk59b69H9wZ-2B5dpRjDZdCDUpcwTGUbY2EjkwRYPnFPPcdRw0rjOznfpgsqvfQ-3D-3D" styl=
e=3D"color: #de00a5; text-decoration: none;">Patrick Girard</a> - Senior Le=
cturer  <br />
University of Auckland</p>

          </td>
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llapse: collapse !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; visibil=
ity: hidden; width: 0px; color: #3a343a; font-family: &quot;Helvetica&quot;=
, &quot;Arial&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; fo=
nt-size: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0;"></td>
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llapse: collapse !important; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left; posi=
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rial&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; font-size: =
16px; margin: 0; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
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